Silicon hlaurau Electronics thiab Hnub Ci: Txoj Kev mus rau Polysilicon

Polysilicon - lub ultra- ntshiab silicon feedstock rau hnub ci hlwb thiab semiconductor wafers - yog los ntawmmetallurgical-qib silicon hlau. Los ntawm lub zog- cov txheej txheem purification hnyav xws li cov txheej txheem Siemens thiab fluidised txaj reactor tshuab, silicon hlau yog refined los ntawm 99% purity mus rau 99.9999999% purity, nrog impurity theem ntawm boron, phosphorus, hlau, thiab txhuas tswj rau qhov chaw -billion.{

Lub semiconductor thiab photovoltaic industries sawv cev rau feem ntau xav tau daim ntawv thov rau silicon nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm purity. Thaum aluminium foundries txais silicon hlau uas muaj feem ntawm ib feem ntawm cov hlau, txhuas, thiab calcium, solar cell thiab microchip manufacturers xav tau cov khoom uas tib impurities raug txo mus rau ib feem ntawm ib billion los yog tsawg dua. Qhov kev sib tw purification txawv txawv no pib nrog cov khoom siv txo qis -silicon hlauua nyob rau hauv submerged -arc furnaces - thiab mus los ntawm ib tug cascade ntawm tshuaj thiab lub cev refining cov kauj ruam uas siv enormous zog thiab peev. Kev nkag siab txog txoj hauv kev no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus neeg koom nrog hauv kev yuav khoom silicon hlau, kev tsim khoom polysilicon, lossis kev tswj cov saw hlau photovoltaic.

 

 

Lub Purity Ladder: Los ntawm Metallurgical Silicon rau Electronic Qib

Txoj kev taug kev los ntawm cov hlau tsis huv silicon mus rau cov khoom siv semiconductor- qib polysilicon tuaj yeem pom tau tias yog tus ntaiv ntawm kev ua kom huv huv, nrog rau txhua qhov sawv cev rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntawv thov. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Nines" - 6N, 7N, 9N, 11N - yog hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov cuaj sib law liag hauv qhov purity feem pua ​​thiab yog tus qauv luv luv thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam.

Txhua kauj ruam nce tus ntaiv no suav nrog kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua cov nqi, kev siv zog, thiab kev siv peev. Metallurgical silicon raug nqi ob peb duas las ib kilogram los tsim. Electronic-qib polysilicon, los ntawm qhov sib piv, hais kom tus nqi ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab dua, uas qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm nws cov purification. Cov qauv kev lag luam ntawm polysilicon kev lag luam yog li ntawd hnyav heev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua kom huv si thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob uas tswj cov nqi khiav lag luam.

Purification Txoj Kev 1: Siemens Txheej Txheem

Cov txheej txheem Siemens, tsim nyob rau xyoo 1950s thiab tseem suav rau feem ntau ntawm cov khoom siv thoob ntiaj teb polysilicon, yog cov txheej txheem batch tshuaj vapor deposition nrog lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw.

Kauj Ruam Ib: Chlorosilane Synthesis

Pulverized metallurgical silicon reacts nrog anhydrous hydrogen chloride nyob rau hauv ib tug fluidised txaj reactor ntawm 300-350 degrees Celsius los tsim trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), thawj precursor rau Siemens deposition. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no kuj ua rau silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), thiab hydrogen raws li los ntawm - khoom. Cov khoom siv raw khoom yog distilled rau cais trichlorosilane, uas yog cov feem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau polysilicon ntau lawm. Silicon tetrachloride, keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom pov tseg, yog nce rov qab mus rau trichlorosilane ntawm hydrogenation los yog siv los tsim fumed silica, txhim kho tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm ib puag ncig.

Kauj Ruam 2: Tshuaj Vapor Deposition

Purified trichlorosilane yog vaporised thiab tov nrog hydrogen nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuaj vapor deposition reactor muaj slim silicon noob rods mounted rau graphite electrodes. Cov pas nrig yog resistively rhuab mus rau 1,000-1,150 degrees Celsius, qhov twg trichlorosilane decomposes raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:

Elemental silicon deposits raws li ib tug polycrystalline txheej mus rau cov noob rods, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm 60-100 teev mus txog rau thaum lawv ncav cuag 150-200 millimeters. Cov tshuaj hydrogen chloride los ntawm - cov khoom raug ntes, ntxuav, thiab rov ua dua mus rau chlorosilane synthesis kauj ruam, tsim kom muaj qhov kaw - voj voog tshuaj.

Kauj Ruam 3: Qws Sau thiab Crushing

Tom qab ua tiav cov deposition, lub reactor txias thiab cov polysilicon rods raug tshem tawm, tshuaj xyuas rau saum npoo av, thiab crushed rau hauv chunks loj rau siv lead ua loj hlob furnaces. Cov txiaj ntsig polysilicon feem ntau ua tiav 9N txog 11N purity - txaus rau cov ntawv siv semiconductor - muab cov noob rods, reactor internals, thiab cov txheej txheem gases ua tau raws li cov qauv kev huv huv. Txhua yam kab mob hlau uas tau qhia thaum tuav lossis los ntawm cov khoom siv reactor tuaj yeem txo qis cov khoom siv rau hnub ci- qib lossis ua rau nws siv tsis tau rau cov ntawv thov siab - kawg.

Lub zog siv zog thiab ib puag ncig Profile

Cov txheej txheem Siemens yog lub zog tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws - hnyav heev. Kev siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau kev tso tawm ib leeg yog li ntawm 40 txog 60 kilowatt-teev ib kilogram ntawm polysilicon, nrog rau kev siv zog ntxiv rau chlorosilane synthesis, distillation, thiab hydrogen recycling. Lub zog siv zog no tau tsav txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm cov txheej txheem thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom siv polysilicon hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj tsawg - nqi hluav taws xob - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hydroelectric thiab thee- hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hauv Suav teb, thiab geothermal thiab hydropower hauv qee thaj chaw tsim khoom.

Purification Route 2: Fluidised txaj Reactor (FBR) Technology

Lub txaj fluidised reactor muaj lwm txoj hauv kev rau cov txheej txheem Siemens, nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev siv hluav taws xob, kev ua haujlwm tas mus li, thiab cov khoom tsim khoom.

Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm

Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem FBR, silane gas (SiH4) los yog trichlorosilane yog nkag mus rau hauv ib tug ntsug reactor uas muaj ib lub txaj ntawm me me silicon noob hais fluidised los ntawm ib tug upward gas kwj. Lub txaj yog rhuab mus rau 600-900 degrees Celsius rau silane decomposition los yog siab dua kub rau trichlorosilane. Silicon deposits mus rau cov noob hais, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv loj kom txog rau thaum lawv ncav cuag ib lub hom phiaj txoj kab uas hla - feem ntau 1–2 millimeters - thaum lub sij hawm lawv raug rho tawm ntawm lub reactor li granular polysilicon khoom. Cov noob qoob loo tshiab tau txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv los tswj cov khoom muag hauv txaj, ua kom ruaj khov- lub xeev kev ua haujlwm tas mus li.

Qhov zoo tshaj Siemens Batch Processing

Cov txheej txheem FBR muaj ntau yam zoo. Ua ntej, kev siv hluav taws xob qis dua - feem ntau 20-30 kilowatt-hours ib kilogram - vim tias qhov kub ntawm qhov tso tawm qis dua thiab cov cua sov silicon loj dua. Thib ob, kev ua haujlwm tas mus li tshem tawm cov thermal cycling thiab downtime cuam tshuam nrog Siemens batch reactors, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm. Thib peb, daim ntawv cov khoom granular yog ncaj qha ncaj qha mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov cub tawg, tshem tawm cov kauj ruam crushing thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev sib kis. Thaum kawg, qhov me me rhuab saum npoo av txo qhov peev xwm ntawm cov hlau tsis huv.

Cov kev sib tw thiab kev txwv

Txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li no, FBR thev naus laus zis ntsib cov teeb meem tseem ceeb. Silane yog pyrophoric thiab yuav tsum tau ceev faj heev. Phab ntsa deposition - silicon plating mus rau lub reactor sab hauv - txo efficiency thiab yuav tsum tau saib xyuas raws sij hawm. Cov khoom purity, thaum txaus rau hnub ci- qib daim ntawv thov, muaj keeb kwm nyuaj kom phim lub siab tshaj plaws semiconductor- qib specifications tiav los ntawm optimized Siemens txheej txheem. Yog li ntawd, FBR-tsim polysilicon tau pom nws lub lag luam tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic, qhov twg tus nqi -kev ua tau zoo tshaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov purity.

Impurities: Cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Electronic -Qib Silicon

Lub impurity profile ntawm qhov pibsilicon hlauprofoundly influences efficiency, tawm los, thiab economics ntawm polysilicon purification. Qee cov impurities kuj yooj yim tshem tawm; lwm tus zoo kawg nkaus tenacious.

Boron thiab Phosphorus: Dopant Dilemma

Boron thiab phosphorus yog ob qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws impurities nyob rau hauv polysilicon ntau lawm, tsis yog vim hais tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws concentrations, tab sis vim hais tias lawv coj li hluav taws xob dopants nyob rau hauv crystalline silicon. Boron tsim p- hom conductivity; phosphorus tsim n- hom conductivity. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci hlwb, cov khoom siv yog txhob txwm doped nrog boron los tsim p-hom silicon, tab sis ntau boron los ntawm qhov pib metallurgical silicon tuaj yeem overcompensate lub txhob txwm doping, txo cell voltage thiab conversion efficiency. Nyob rau hauv semiconductor wafers, ob qho tib si boron thiab phosphorus yuav tsum tau tswj kom sub- ppb qib vim hais tias qhov tseeb doping ntawm wafers tau txhob txwm siab nrog siab -purity dopant qhov chaw, thiab tej yam keeb kwm yav dhau los yeej kov yeej qhov kev tswj no.

Kev tshem tawm ntawm boron thiab phosphorus los ntawm silicon yog tsis yooj yim vim hais tias ob lub ntsiab lus muaj kev sib cais coefficients ze rau kev sib koom ua ke thaum lub sij hawm kev taw qhia solidification, txhais tau tias lawv tsis nkag mus faib rau hauv cov khoom los yog kua silicon. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb xws li acid leaching, slag refining, plasma kho, thiab hnyav refining tau tsim los txo cov boron thiab phosphorus ua ntej chlorosilane synthesis, tab sis tsis muaj ib qho txiaj ntsig lossis kev lag luam li kev ua kom huv ntawm lwm cov hlau tsis huv.

Hlau impurities: Hlau, Aluminium, thiab Calcium

Hlau, txhuas, thiab calcium yog cov hlau tsis huv hauv metallurgical silicon, feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm 0.1-0.5% ua ke. Hmoov zoo, cov impurities no kuj ncaj qha mus tshem tawm los ntawm kev taw qhia solidification - tseem hu ua ingot casting lossis block crystallisation - vim tias lawv cov coefficients sib cais tau zoo siab rau kev tsis lees paub los ntawm cov khoom siv silicon siv lead ua rau cov kua dej ntxiv. Ntau cov kev taw qhia kev ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem txo cov hlau tsis huv los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no qhia txog "hnub ci- qib silicon" purification txoj kev, nyob rau hauv uas metallurgical silicon yog upgraded los ntawm slag refining, acid leaching, thiab directional solidification kom ua tiav 6N purity yam tsis tau mus txog lub zog -intensive chlorosilane chemistry.

Photovoltaic Demand Tsav Tsheb

Lub ntiaj teb nthuav dav ntawm lub hnub ci photovoltaic muaj peev xwm tau tsim kom muaj zog thiab txhawb nqa kev xav tau rub rau silicon hlau, polysilicon, thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txhua crystalline silicon hnub ci cell - seb monocrystalline lossis polycrystalline - pib li polysilicon muab tau los ntawm metallurgical silicon. Kev lag luam photovoltaic yog li sawv cev rau qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb rau qib siab - purity silicon hlau tsim.

Los ntawm Polysilicon rau Solar Cell

Cov saw hlau tsim los ntawm polysilicon mus rau lub hnub ci ua tiav muaj ntau theem sib txawv. Polysilicon chunks yog loaded rau hauv siv lead ua kev loj hlob furnaces - Czochralski pullers rau monocrystalline ingots los yog directional solidification furnaces rau multicrystalline blocks. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm silicon ingots yog sawn rau hauv nyias wafers, feem ntau 160-180 micrometers tuab, siv pob zeb diamond hlau saws. Cov wafers no tau txais kev ntxhib los mos, doping, los tiv thaiv- txheej txheej, thiab metallisation los tsim cov cell photovoltaic. Ib lub hnub ci ua tiav muaj 60-144 lub hlwb sib txuas thiab encapsulated ntawm iav thiab polymer backsheet.

Silicon hlau zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes

Lub purity ntawm qhov pib silicon hlau cuam tshuam lub hnub ci kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lub tshuab. Hlau impurities - hlau, chromium, npib tsib xee, tooj liab - tsim sib sib zog nqus- theem hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv silicon bandgap uas ua raws li recombination centres, txo cov haiv neeg tsawg lub neej thiab yog li lub cell lub peev xwm los hloov photons rau hauv hluav taws xob tam sim no. Cov pa roj carbon thiab oxygen impurities tuaj yeem ua rau nag lossis daus li silicon carbide thiab silicon dioxide hais thaum lub sij hawm siv lead ua loj hlob, tsim cov qauv tsis xws luag thiab shunting txoj kev uas degrade cell efficiency. Thaum lub hnub ci- qib polysilicon tiv taus ntau dua impurity ntau dua li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob- qib, lub siab tsis tu ncua los txhim kho cell efficiency thiab txo tus nqi ib watt tsis tu ncua nruj lub qhov rais impurity.

Supply Chain Resilience

Cov saw hlau polysilicon tau dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los, nrog rau lub sijhawm tsis txaus txaus ua raws li kev xa khoom ntau dhau thiab tus nqi poob. Cov voj voog no tau pom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov saw hlau resilience rau photovoltaic manufacturers. Cov neeg tsim khoom sib koom ua ke - cov tswj kev tsim cov hlau silicon, polysilicon purification, thiab wafer manufacturing - tau ua pov thawj tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua los muab kev cuam tshuam ntau dua li ntshiab - cov tub lag luam ua si. Rau cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam ywj pheej silicon hlau, cov khoom lag luam photovoltaic sawv cev rau ob qho tib si lub sijhawm thiab kev pheej hmoo: qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev thov yog loj, tab sis qhov zoo specifications thiab tus nqi volatility yuav tsum tau ceev faj xaiv cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev cog lus structuring.

Feedstock xaiv rau Polysilicon Producers

Polysilicon manufacturers siv kev txiav txim siab ntau hauv kev xaiv lawv cov khoom siv silicon hlau, sib npaug purity, nqe, muaj, thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.

Qib Specifications

High -purity metallurgical silicon qib xws li 2202 thiab 3303 yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tshaj plaws rau cov khoom siv polysilicon. Qib 2202 qhia txog cov ntsiab lus hlau siab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.20%, aluminium ntawm 0.20%, thiab calcium ntawm 0.02%. Qib 3303 tso cai 0.30% hlau, 0.30% aluminium, thiab 0.03% calcium. Qee cov neeg tsim khoom siv polysilicon ua ntej- tsim nyog cov khoom siv silicon hlau los ntawm kev sim ntau yam ntawm impurity profiles, particle loj distributions, thiab batch -rau-batch sib xws. Cov neeg tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob- qib polysilicon tuaj yeem tsim kev txwv ntxiv rau boron, phosphorus, thiab carbon tshaj li cov qauv qhia qib.

Ua ntej -Nrhiav kev xaiv

Cov neeg tsim khoom nrhiav kom txo qis kev ua kom huv hauv qab lub nra nce ntxiv kev siv hlau ua ntej- kho cov hlau silicon ua ntej chlorosilane synthesis. Acid leaching nrog hydrochloric thiab hydrofluoric acid sib tov tshem tawm oxide txheej txheej thiab dissolves raug hlau impurities. Slag refining nrog calcium silicate los yog calcium aluminate slags exploits lub thermodynamic nyiam ntawm tej yam impurities rau lub slag theem tshaj molten silicon. Kev kho ntshav ntshav nrog oxidative gases tuaj yeem hloov pauv boron thiab phosphorus ntawm qhov kub siab. Txhua yam ntawm cov txheej txheem no ntxiv cov nqi thiab qhov nyuaj tab sis tuaj yeem txhim kho tag nrho cov txheej txheem tawm los thiab txo cov kev siv hluav taws xob hauv theem kawg ntawm cov khoom siv polysilicon.