Kev tsim khoom ntawmferrovanadiumyog complexmetallurgical txheej txheemuas pib nrog lub extraction ntawmvanadiumlos ntawm thawj ores los yog lwm yam kev pab cuam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawsraw khoomyogVanadium-titanium Magnetite (VTM), ib homhlau orepom nyob rau hauv loj deposits nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj (Panxi cheeb tsam), Russia (Kachkanar), South Africa, thiab lub tebchaws United States. VTM feem ntau muaj 0.3-1.5% V₂O₅, nrog rau titanium thiab hlau. Tom qab mining, lub ore undergoeskev pab(crushing, sib tsoo, sib nqus sib nqus) los tsim amloog zoouas yog ces smelted nyob rau hauv ibtawg rauvlos tsimvanadium-bearing npua hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm steelmaking, lub vanadium yog oxidized thiab xa mus rau hauv lubvanadium slag- ib qho khoom lag luam uas muaj 8-20% V₂O₅ - uas yog thawj cov khoom noj rau feem ntauferrovanadiumnroj tsuag thoob ntiaj teb. Lwm qhov chaw suav nrogsiv catalystslos ntawm kev lag luam petrochemical,ya tshauvlos ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj zog, thiabpob zeb thee(qib qis carbonaceous shale nplua nuj nyob rau hauv vanadium) uas yog tshwj xeeb rau Tuam Tshoj.
Kev kho mob ua ntej ntawm Vanadium Slag
Ua ntej smelting,vanadium slagyuav tsum yogcinrog sodium ntsev (sodium carbonate lossis sodium sulfate) ntawm 800-900℃los hloov vanadium oxides rau hauv dej-soluble sodium vanadates. Cov khoom roasted yog cesleachednrog dej kub los yog dilute acid (sulfuric acid) kom tshem tawmVanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅)los yogVanadium trioxide (V₂O₃). Qhov nohydrometallurgicaltxoj kev yields ib tug purified vanadium oxide nrog tshaj 98% purity, uas yog lub precursor rau tag nrho cov thermal txo cov txheej txheem. Xwb,ncaj qha leachingntawm raw slag siv cov kua qaub muaj zog yog tsim los txo cov kev siv zog, txawm hais tias nws tsim cov dej khib nyiab loj dua.
Peb Txoj Kev Smelting tseem ceeb
(1) Aluminothermic txo- Qhov no yog txoj kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoomhigh-qib ferrovanadium(FeV80 thiab qee qhov FeV60). Hauv noexothermictshuaj tiv thaiv, sib tov ntawmV₂O₅ , aluminium hmoov(los yog granules),hlau seem(los yog steel tig), thiabtxiv qaub(CaO) li flux yog ignited hauv adej-txias tooj liab cruciblelos yog arefractory-lined rauv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tus kheej txhawb nqa:
3V₂O₅ + 10Al → 6V + 5Al₂O₃ (ΔH=-2,500 kJ/mol)
Cov cua sov tso tawm nce qhov kub siab tshaj 2,000 degree, melting ob qho tib sivanadiumthiab covslag(tsuas yog Al₂O₃). Tom qab txias, lubferrovanadiumingot yog cais los ntawm slag, crushed, thiab loj. Cov txheej txheem no ua tiav avanadium rov qab tus nqintawm 95-97%, tab sis nws siv li 1.2 tonnes ntawm txhuas ib tonne ntawm FeV80, ua rau nws raug nqi-rhiab rau cov nqi txhuas.Electro-aluminothermicvariants siv hluav taws xob arc los muab cov cua sov ntxiv, txhim kho rov qab mus rau 98% thiab tso cai rau kev tswj kom zoo dua.carbonthiabsiliconimpurities.
(2) Electro-Silicothermic txo- Txoj kev no yog nyiam rauFeV 50thiabFeV 60ntau lawm vim nws siv pheej yig dua75% ferrosilicon hmoovraws li qhov tseem ceebtxo qis, ntxiv los ntawm ib qho me me ntawm txhuas (5-10% ntawm tag nrho cov reductant). Kev ua haujlwm yuav tshwm sim hauv ayooj yim hluav taws xob arc rauvnrog amagnesia-lime hauv ob sab phlu. Tus nqi suav nrogV₂O₅ , txiv qaub, fluorspar(raws li flux), thiab cov reductants. Cov txheej txheem pib ua ob theem: thawj, atxolub sij hawm uas feem ntau vanadium txo thiab cov ntaub ntawv alloy; ob, akho kom zooLub sij hawm uas dhau silicon yog oxidized los ntawm kev ntxiv V₂O₅ los yog hlau ore, kho qhov kawgcov ntsiab lus ntawm siliconkom ua tau raws qib specifications. Covvanadium rov qabthaj tsam ntawm 90-94%, me ntsis qis dua aluminothermic, tab sis covtus nqi uayog 15-20% tsawg dua vim pheej yig dua reductants. Txawm li cas los xij, lubsiv zogyog siab (li 8,000-10,000 kWh ib tonne ntawm alloy), thiabslag ntimyog qhov loj dua (kwv yees li 2 tonnes ib tonne ntawm FeV), ua rau cov nqi pov tseg ntau dua.
(3) Carbothermic txo- Qhov no sivcov ntaub ntawv carbonaceous(petroleum coke, anthracite) raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis hauv lub qhov cub submerged-arc. Nws tsis tshua muaj vim tias cov pa roj carbon zoo li yaj mus rau hauv cov hlau, tsa lubcov ntsiab lus carbonsaum toj no tau txwv rau feem ntau steel qib. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev tsim khoomFeV50-C(uas tso cai txog li 5% C), txoj kev no tuaj yeem txuag tau nyiaj. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm 1,600-1,800 degree:
V₂O₅ + 5C → 2V + 5CO
Cov qib carbon siab txwv nws daim ntawv thov, thiab cov txheej txheem feem ntau ua ke nrognqus decarburizationlos tsim cov khoom uas tsis tshua muaj carbon, txawm tias tus nqi ntxiv.
Advanced Technologies thiab Kev Txhim Kho Zoo
Kev tsim kho tshiab tsis ntev los no tsom rauhuv sithiabua tau zoo duasmelting.Plasma smeltingsiv cov roj ionized kom ua tiav qhov kub thiab txias (Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 3,000 degree) kom txo tau sai, txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab txoslag kev tiv thaiv. Nqus degassingyog thov tom qab tapping kom tshem tawm cov roj yaj (hydrogen, nitrogen) thiab cov tsis muaj kuab lom, uaultra-low impurity(tag nrho <200 ppm)high-purity ferrovanadiumrau kev siv aerospace.Automated txheej txheem tswjsystems saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias, slag hauv paus, thiab reductant pub tus nqi hauv lub sijhawm, txo qiskev cais caisthiab ua kom ntseeg tautsis sib xwshla batch. Kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias optimizingsmelting parameters- xws li V₂O₅/Al piv, txiv qaub ntxiv, thiab tapping kub - tuaj yeem thawb lubvanadium rov qabmus rau ntau dua 98.5% thaum txo qhovzog siv zoglos ntawm 10-15%.
Environmental Considerations
Tag nrho peb cov txheej txheem tsimhmoov av-laden off-gasesthiabkhoom slag. Cov nroj tsuag niaj hnub sivelectrostatic precipitatorsthiabhnab limkom ntes cov particles zoo, thaumntub dej scrubberstshem tawm sulfur dioxide. Covalumina nplua nuj slaglos ntawm aluminothermic txo feem ntau yog muag rau kev lag luam cement lossis siv los ua cov khoom siv refractory. Kev siv zog rov siv duasiv slagthiab rov qab residual vanadium yog intensifying, aligning nrog ntiaj teb noncig kev lag luamhom phiaj.
Hauv kev xaus, qhov kev xaiv ntawmtxoj kev tsim khoomnyob ntawm lub hom phiaj qib, cov khoom siv raw hauv zos muaj, thiab kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig. Txoj kev sib hloov mus rauhybrid txheej txheemuas muab cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm aluminothermic txo nrog tus nqi kom zoo dua ntawm silicothermic txoj kev, thaum puagdigitalizationthiabntsuab chemistrytxoj cai.